Dietrich Bonhoeffer is a modern day hero among evangelical Christians. Killed by the Nazis in 1945 for resisting the regime, Bonhoeffer’s fame among evangelicals increased after the publication of Eric Metaxas’ acclaimed biography of the Lutheran pastor. For many Christians who feel compelled to take a stand on principle, Bonhoeffer has become an inspiration and guiding light. On that point, perhaps the most repeated and celebrated quote attributed to Bonhoeffer is
Silence in the face of evil is itself evil. God will not hold us guiltless. Not to speak is to speak. Not to act is to act.
These are bold words and together they have helped strengthen the conclusion of many persuasive appeals. Though they are powerful, they are not from Bonhoeffer. According to my research and the Bonhoeffer scholars I consulted, these sentences can’t be found in any of his writings or speeches.
This may come as a shock to countless (really, I stopped counting) Twitter and Facebook users who have posted a picture of Bonhoeffer with that quote attributed to him. The quote is on many lists of essential Bonhoeffer quotes (e.g., see Relevant Magazine’s list). Many politicians and authors have used it to make their many points.
I became interested in the quote while researching this May 22, 2016 tweet from Eric Metaxas:
As Bonhoeffer said “Not to cast a vote for the two majors IS to cast a vote for one of them.” – Ethics, pp. 265-6
Although it wasn’t obvious to me at first, this was a joke based on “Not to speak is to speak. Not to act is to act.” Metaxas posted this in response to a Twitter user who described people who plan not to vote for Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump.
At the time, his Twitter followers didn’t get the joke. Here are some of their tweets in response: “sounds like Bonhoeffer made a boo boo,” “Mr Bonhoeffer was right about many things but still a mere mortal!” and “Sorry, but I think the great Bonhoeffer whiffed on this one.” I couldn’t find anyone who questioned the authenticity of the modified quote.
My entrance into the thread was in late July when a Twitter user asked Metaxas for the quote’s source. One purchased Bonhoeffer’s book on ethics to look up the quote but couldn’t find it. After several days on July 31, Metaxas tweeted
This has gotten out of hand. The ORIGINAL Bonhoeffer fake quote was intended as an OBVIOUS joke. It obviously failed. (emphasis in the original)
Like his Twitter followers, I also looked for the source of the “original fake quote.” In doing so, I learned something more interesting; the popular quote on which Metaxas’ joke was based (“Not to speak is to speak. Not to act is to act.”) had been incorrectly attributed to Bonhoeffer.
Questioning the Quote
As far as I can tell, the authenticity of the quote was first questioned in 2013 by Doris Bergen in a book edited by Clifford Green and Guy Carter titled Interpreting Bonhoeffer:
Many lists of “Bonhoeffer quotes” include a sharper indictment: “Silence in the face of evil is itself evil. God will not hold us guiltless. Not to speak is to speak. Not to act is to act.” See also Eric Metaxas, Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy. (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2010), back flap. However, this formulation has not been found in Bonhoeffer’s works.
In a 2015 issue of the Australasian Journal of Bonhoeffer studies, Erich von Dietze also cast doubt on the quote.
While commonly attributed to Bonhoeffer, the origin of this quote remains uncertain. The quote has been referenced to Metaxas, E. Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy – A Righteous Gentile vs the Third Reich. (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2010). However, I have not been able to find it in this work.
The online resource Wikiquotes considers the quote to be “misattributed” to Bonhoeffer and names an obscure organization newsletter as the possible source.
First attributed to Bonhoeffer in Explorations 12:1 (1998), p. 3, as referenced by James Cone (2004) Theology’s Great Sin: Silence in the Face of White Supremacy, Black Theology, 2:2, 139-152, footnote 1.
Explorations was the newsletter of the now defunct American Interfaith Institute, founded by the late Irvin Borowsky. Borowsky also founded the Liberty Museum in Philadelphia. I located the newsletter via the online World Catalog and received a copy of the newsletter courtesy of the document delivery service at Grove City College.
On page three of the newsletter is an article by Borowsky which promoted the opening of the Heroes exhibit at the Liberty Museum in 1998. One of the featured heroes is Dietrich Bonhoeffer. The description on the exhibit is as follows:
He was a Lutheran pastor who left Germany in 1933 at age 27 to protest the Nazi regime’s introduction of anti-Jewish legislation. He could have stayed permanently in England, or later the U.S., but repeatedly returned home to oppose Hitler from within. Helping Jews to escape to Switzerland during the war, he also organized church-based resistance. Arrested in 1943, he was hung for treason in 1945 just days before the end of the Third Reich. According to Bonhoeffer, “Silence in the face of evil is itself evil. God will not hold us guiltless. Not to speak is to speak. Not to act is to act.” (emphasis in the original)
I have been in contact with Borowsky’s daughter Gwen who now manages the museum. Now that she knows the quote isn’t accurate, the exhibit will be changed when that gallery is remodeled (photo of current exhibit). She has no knowledge of the source of the quote since the researcher responsible for it has died. I cannot find it anywhere before 1998.
After 1998, a few citations appear in various data bases but the most prominent is the one by Union Theological Seminary professor James Cone in his article “Theology’s Great Sin: Silence in the Face of White Supremacy” published in the journal Black Theology in 2004. Cone attributed the saying to Bonhoeffer and cited the Explorations newsletter as his source.
Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy
By far, the greatest number of references to the quote have come after the publication of Eric Metaxas’ biography of Bonhoeffer in 2010. On the back flap of the book, the quote is attributed to Bonhoeffer. In his student guide and study guide for the Bonhoeffer book, Metaxas attributed the quote to Bonhoeffer. It also appears in his 2014 book Miracles. He has tweeted the quote attributed to Bonhoeffer in 2012 and 2013. Several other Christian books cite Metaxas as the source of the quote.
I contacted Metaxas via his website and Twitter in early August to ask for his source. He did not respond.
Since Metaxas’ book was published, the quote has shown up in the Congressional Record seven times, all attributed to Bonhoeffer. Rep. Frank Wolf (R-VA) used it three times on international religious freedom, Rep. Trent Franks (R-AZ) included it twice on religious freedom, Rep. Diane Black (R-TN) used it once on defunding planned parenthood, and one of the most interesting uses of the quote was by Rep. Bill Johnson (R-OH) in his apology for a future Iranian nuclear attack. Johnson told the House:
In 2015, I spoke in opposition to the deal that led to the 2030 Iranian nuclear attack because I well remember the words of the theologian Bonhoeffer who eventually died in a Nazi torture chamber. In confronting the murderous madmen of his time, he declared that “Silence in the face of evil is itself evil: God will not hold us guiltless. Not to speak is to speak. Not to act is to act.”
It has been used in hundreds of sermons and speeches opposing abortion and in support of religious liberty. A Google search returns over 38,000 instances of the quote. In April, Christian leaders opposed to Donald Trump used it to justify their opposition to his candidacy. Recently, Janet Porter used it to promote a vote for Trump.
However, the Bonhoeffer experts I consulted agree that the saying is not in his works. One of them, Barry Harvey, a professor of theology at Baylor University and member of the content team for the International Bonhoeffer Society told me via email: “Not only do I know of no place that Bonhoeffer says this, it doesn’t sound like him at all.”
Perhaps the foremost expert on Bonhoeffer’s writings is Victoria Barnett. Barnett is director of the Programs on Ethics, Religion, and the Holocaust at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. She is also the general editor of the English translation series of Bonhoeffer’s complete works. Because of her work bringing together Bonhoeffer’s writings, she is able to comprehensively search his known works. When I asked her if the quote came from Bonhoeffer, she told me:
I’ve gotten a few inquiries on the source of that one, but it doesn’t appear anywhere in Bonhoeffer’s writings.
Barnett said she looked for the quote in early translations of Bonhoeffer’s work but cautioned that someday new evidence might turn up. For now, she said,
I am virtually certain that the quote doesn’t exist.
There can be little doubt that the quote’s popularity has risen with the success of Eric Metaxas’s Bonhoeffer biography. If Metaxas continues to use it in his speeches and his current website promoting the book, it may continue to be used inaccurately for some time to come.
The appeal of this quote is understandable. The powerful arrangement of words elevates the importance of the cause and bringing Bonhoeffer to one’s side only strengthens the sense that the cause is just. However, since the quote isn’t his, using it is a false witness.
In checking out this quote, I have learned to appreciate Bonhoeffer so much more than when he was just a figurehead on social media. There is value in fact checking. I didn’t find Bonhoeffer behind the quote, but what I found by reading his actual words is much more valuable.
Note: I will add to this post if I find other information regarding the source of the quote pre-1998.
UPDATE: On 11/11/16, I published an update to this post. In it, I provide an image of a 1971 book with “Not to speak is to speak. Not to act is to act.” used together.
Is it possible it was in a speech or sermon of his and someone else recorded it?
Is it possible it was in a speech or sermon of his and someone else recorded it?
It is possible but look at the first time it occurred. It was long after his death. If he said it in a speech, it seems like someone would have written it down or written about it closer to when he was alive. It should be pointed out that Metaxas has never given a source for it. He just used it without doing the scholarly work necessary to source it.
It is possible but look at the first time it occurred. It was long after his death. If he said it in a speech, it seems like someone would have written it down or written about it closer to when he was alive. It should be pointed out that Metaxas has never given a source for it. He just used it without doing the scholarly work necessary to source it.
Prof. Throckmorton:
I first posted on this on 1 March 2016: https://liberlocorumcommunium.blogspot.com/2016/03/pseudo-bonhoeffer.html. Looks like we got the same response from Metaxas.
As for what Mr. McPherson says below (and I say above), it is possible to find this on German websites in German. But given that 1) they differ in their renditions, and 2) that the German isn’t there in DBW (searchable via the Alexander Press database Twentieth Century Religious Thought: Vol. 1, Christianity), those would have to be examples of back-translation (!).
Best,
Thanks for your work and for the comment here!
This article contains a lot of misinformation.
Point 1: The allegation “Dietrich Bonhoeffer is a modern day hero among evangelical Christians.” is utterly wrong and an insult to Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Dietrich Bonhoeffer is a role model for any kind of protestant resisting any kind of superior or totalitarian power or government. To reduce this to evangelical christianity is a joke, nothing more, but there’s an ulterior motive behind this allegation. You could have also said he is a hero of the tea party.
Point 2: This whole article is comparable to all those attempts by the free masons to challenge any quote that is directed against evil misdoings and to question the originality of the quote.
Point 3: What is the point to question if it is indeed from Bonhoeffer? The quote is the truth, very helpful and the more prominence a quote directed against lethal actions done by evil forces this very day and minute is adding to help save lives. So questioning something in this way will only produce further agony and deaths.
Point 4: Sentences in the article like “It has been used in hundreds of sermons and speeches opposing abortion and in support of religious liberty. A Google search returns over 38,000 instances of the quote.” imply that the quote itself is made-up
Point 5: This further proves that this whole article is inspired by negative and destructive forces and the author should know it better next time and shut up before writing anymore non-sense, period.
Your comment contains a lot of misinformation.
Point 1-5 – Nothing in your comment provides any evidence that Bonhoeffer said the quote. I don’t care if he did or didn’t. The quote isn’t the issue, accuracy is. This proves that your whole comment is inspired by negative and destructive forces. And now you know what you should do.
If accuracy is the most important thing for the force you are fighting for, rather than love, peace, the saving of lives and stuff like this than you should overthink where it originates from.
There is no point in questioning whether Bonhoeffer has actually said the quote (which he did) because this is not the point – all you end up with your article is to take away from Bonhoeffer’s lifework as it is already in the conscious mind of humanity that he said it for it fits his lifetime achievements like a nail on the head. It is nit-picking what you do. Your motivation is not to be accurate, maybe you do not realize but all you accomplish with this article is bring general doubt in the mind of people and the next time anyone is able to save someone else’s life he could hesitate, remembering the doubt you brought into his mind while without it, he would save the life.
In addition I think this is the ultimate goal of your effort, at least in this article. Do you write others discouraging people from acting honourably?
As it is, you are basically responsible for the possible deaths of tens of thousand in the future, so better think about what you do next time.
Btw, this whole article reeks of masonic misdirection.
“Team911Lotus reeks of masonic misdirection.” – Dietrich Bonhoeffer
I can’t find the exact source but I am pretty sure he said that.
This sounds more like the juvenile version of Warren Throckmorton.
“Team911Lotus reeks of masonic misdirection.” – Dietrich Bonhoeffer
I can’t find the exact source but I am pretty sure he said that.
Abraham Lincoln famously said “You can’t believe everything you read on the Internet”. The quote is the truth, very helpful and definitely something Mr. Lincoln would have had the wisdom to perceive and state. So what does it really matter if he said if or not … it’s great advice and the world would be a much better place if more people heeded it.
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Just curious whether you consider truth of any importance in your world view?
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And even more curious how on earth you managed to drag the “free masons” into the discussion.
Careful Unruhs, you are getting masonic.
After reading the 11/11/16 update, I still have to ask: Were all of Bonhoeffer’s numerous letters included in this research – those which are privately held and did not make it into widely published volumes? As the situation stands, it appears we cannot attribute the quote to anyone in particular, nor can we say it did not originate with Bonhoeffer. Only that we do not now know its origin.
All of Bonhoeffer’s known works and letters have been searched.
And no we don’t know the origin except to say the first recorded instance is where I found it in the Philadelphia museum.
You spent an enormous amount of energy trying to destroy something that makes perfect sense regardless of who said it. Typical of lying leftists. How many things have you lied I mean said in private that are not documented. Just because it was not recorded does not mean he did not say it. Here is another saying that describes your Marxist agenda. “The past was erased. The erasure was forgotten. The lie became the truth.”
Thank you for publishing this. I speak German and this phrase’s formulation, although possible to render in German, does not flow off the tongue easily. So I was trying to find the original German to see how it was originally said. As you have pointed out, there is no such source.
It is odd having to disprove a quote, when the one quoting it should name her or his source, but you should be commended in the amount of research you did for this.
Thanks. Appreciate the insight into the German language.